نشریه سیاست نامه علم و فناوری
سال ششم شماره 3 (پیاپی 16، پاییز 1395)

History of development planning in the country is more than six decades and planning in general and land use planning in particular at this time under the influence of economic, social and political conditions has always been associated with the changes. These programs have faced with obstacles and challenges that present article aims to analyze and evaluate the challenges and obstacles facing the implementation of development programs in general and land use in particular. Methods of this study is documentary method. Results show that although the division of labor between regions with thier potential sources in the formulation of land use planning documents conducted theoretically but practically neglected and this has led to imbalanced and unequal development areas of the country that has led to intensifies the inequalities between different regions of the country. Among the obstacles this lack of practical division of labor between the areas of the country can be cited to framework a single political structure, political - administrative improper subdivisions, the lack of an integrated and systematic plan, lack of equal attention to all aspects of land use, political pressure to implement projects without economic and technical justification, lack of appropriate models for land use in iran, lack of proper definition of the area in the country.

In many developed countries sustainability is a big challenge and is one of the very important issues in the field of project management that often has been neglected in project management so far. Project management and sustainability are separately addressed in countless studies but there is an essential need of intersecting above mentioned issues together. In this study, we investigate to introduce a set of indicators and perform a hybrid decision making method to identify and categorize a set of indicators for project portfolio selection and then prioritize proposed factors based on combination of Grounded theory and fuzzy DEMATEL to consider in an uncertain environment. Results in this paper represents that the most important factors are responsibility and cost. Also, responsibility is the most affected one and cost is the most effective ones. Moreover, factors such as risk and waste are effective factors.

Evolutionary approaches to economics took new energy after Nelson and Winter›s 1982 seminal contribution, which opened new insights both for theoretical and practical circles. the simple assumption of borrowing from biology passed a long way since then to provide a powerful alternative to neo-classical Newtonian views to the economic system. we have reviewed the development of evolutionary economics in comparison to its older rival and tried to delineate the current topics and important questions within the field.

This article is discussed about experience of Australia and India in the financing of infrastructure projects.In connection with the financing of infrastructure projects can be said that the need for enterprise-wide, Therefore, there is more attention to the use of private sector investment in this area. Infrastructures have a special considerations due to high costs and long payback period for the financing that only major funds can finance them and Government Reduce and covers private sector risks that can enter into this field too. In Australia uses from pension funds capacity to finance infrastructure in addition to special funds and because funds are not specialist of infrastructure projects then other firms that called Financial Managers do this work. Statistics in the field of infrastructure in India shows this country in financing infrastructure projects moves from Public financing to Private financing sector.

In recent years, identification, enhancement and provision of necessary requirements for production and use of science and technology, has attracted authorities’ attention. Considering the importance of science and technology monitoring, this research provides details for patent and article production in Iran compared to other countries. This research follows bibliometric approach in which data about patents during 2006-2015 has been extracted from US Patent database. Countries with a significant achievement in converting knowledge to wealth were selected as the sample along with Iran and some Middle Eastern countries. Findings: Iran in contrast has contributed a small deal in production of global science (1.4%) and compared to other studied countries, the ratio of science production to patents is still inappropriate in this country. There is a big gap between production of science and application of it in Iran. Achieving an improved situation in converting science to wealth requires planning and encouraging innovators to register their patents in foreign databases.

Attention to the importance of human capital and innovative products derived from these resources is very important. Considering the very top of the countris capacities in the field of Inventive human resources and Impressive benefits for growth knowledge-based economy in Iran also the lack of researches in the field of strategies of labor market for inventors in the country, The aim of this study is identify requirement of labor market for inventors from viewpoint inventors for successful entry into the market. For providing information is used through questionnaire among Inventors. The results show that about 69% of inventors choice of entrepreneurship as their career choice. In field of necessary skills to enter job life, inventors more than anything know that Perseverance and seriousness of the work is important. And After that, there is creativity and innovation, public relations, collaboration and teamwork, time management and general administrative skills.

This study proposes a framework that aims to explain why successive changes in industry leadership(catch-up cycle) occur over time in a sector. In catch-up cycles, latecomer firms and countries emerge as international leaders, whereas incumbents lose their previous positions. New leaders are then dethroned by newcomers. To identify factors at the base of catch-up cycles, this article adopts a sectoral system framework and identifies windows of opportunity that may emerge during the long-run evolution of an industry. This study proposes three windows related to the specific dimensions of a sectoral system. One dimension is related to changes in knowledge and technology. The second dimension pertains to changes in demand, and the third includes changes in institutions and public policy. The combination of the opening of a window (technological, demand, or institutional/policy)and the responses of firms and other components of the sectoral system of the latecomer and incumbent countries determines changes in industrial leadership and catch-up. Sectors differ according to the type of windows that may open and the responses of firms and other components of systems.